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Aquatic isopods are common shredders in both lotic and lentic systems around the world. They are relatively easy to rear in the laboratory, and collection of first instars is relatively simple as they are released by gravid females. Jensen et al. (2010) used Caecidotea communis, due to its ubiquity and high numbers in agricultural headwater streams in Maryland; C. communis is distributed across temperate North America in small streams (Williams 1972; GBIF 2011). There is no commercially available source, nor standardized test protocol for using aquatic isopods in toxicity testing, and challenges in lab testing include small size of early instars and seasonal availability.
Aquatic beetle larvae in the genus Anchytarsus are epibenthic shredders that could potentially serve as a test species for early tier testing. Most species from the Ptilodactylidae are found in the tropics, but some are also found in the eastern USA, with few representatives in the west and Canada (Arnett et al. 2002). Coleoptera are often included in the ERA for terrestrial organisms since this taxonomic order contains many species valued for biological control (OECD 2007; Rauschen et al. 2010). Data from terrestrial ERA may be used to inform the risk assessment of aquatic coleopterans, therefore additional early tier testing with aquatic species may be redundant. Furthermore, there are several major factors limiting the feasibility of early tier testing for aquatic Coleoptera, including lack of established laboratory rearing methods, seasonal and local abundance, and lack of standardized test protocol for Anchytarsus larvae.
Cranefly larvae are common shredders most often found in lentic-littoral and lotic-erosional epibenthic habitats around the world (Byers and Gelhaus 2008). They are common in low-order streams and are known to process a high volume of leaf material (Vannote and Sweeney 1985), both of which are desirable characteristics for a surrogate test species. However, several factors limit the feasibility for early tier testing, including lack of commercially available source, lack of standardized test protocol for using cranefly larvae in toxicity testing, and several other challenges, e.g., conspecific predation, larval identification, lack of a non-lethal measurable endpoint, instar differentiation, and seasonal availability. Jensen et al. (2010) used Tipula abdominalis collected from an agricultural stream in Maryland with moderate success. 59ce067264